Pesticide Use in U.S. Agriculture: 21 Selected Crops, 1960-2008

By J. Fernandez-Cornejo, Richard M. Nehring, C. Osteen, Seth J Wechsler, Andrew Martin, Alexandre Vialou. 2014

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A Sustainable Agricultural Future Relies on the Transition to Organic Agroecological Pest Management (2018, background): “There has been an inflation-adjusted five-fold increase in direct pesticide expenditures in the United States since 1960, yet the relative price of pesticides as compared to labor or fuel has dropped, thereby limiting incentives to reduce pesticide use [20].”
Plant Biostimulants: A Categorical Review, Their Implications for Row Crop Production, and Relation to Soil Health Indicators (2021, methodology): “This magnitude of potential use of biostimulants is followed by foliar application with herbicides, which were applied to 98 and 99 percent of US maize and soybean hectares in 2008, respectively, and foliar protection with fungicides or insecticides, which were estimated as applied to 10% of maize a”
Organic versus Conventional Cropping Sustainability: A Comparative System Analysis (2018, background): “D) are more heavily applied than any other chemical pesticides used in U.S. agriculture [67].”