The multifunctional fish gill: dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid-base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste.

By D. Evans, P. Piermarini, K. Choe. Physiological Reviews, 2005

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Ocean acidification does not affect the early life history development of a tropical marine fish. (2011, background): “Fish actively regulate their acid–base balance through bicarbonate accumulation and ion exchange across the gills (Claiborne et al. 2002, Evans et al. 2005, Melzner et al. 2009), and small changes in tissue pH associated with elevated CO2 can usually be compensated by these mechanisms.”
Growth and Lipid Metabolism of the Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei at Different Salinities (2014, methodology): “…reorganization to cope with ambient salinity changes (Tseng & Hwang 2008), showing that the osmoregulation of aquatic animals is an energy–cost (20%–50% of total metabolic energy) process to maintain intracellular and extracellular osmotic equilibrium (Evans et al. 2005, Tseng&Hwang 2008).”
Freshwater treatment of amoebic gill disease and sea-lice in seawater salmon production: Considerations of water chemistry and fish welfare in Norway (2015, background): “Two major concerns arise from a low buffering capacity and/or pH, namely a strong further pH decrease when CO2 accumulates in the water and an increased gill permeability caused by low Ca2+ saturation of ion channels in the gills (Evans et al., 2005).”