Bias and causal associations in observational research.

By D. Grimes, K. F. Schulz. 2002

1,451 citations recorded by the source corpus.

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Statistics and Probability

Citations in the corpus

Deep learning predicts hip fracture using confounding patient and healthcare variables (2018, background): “19 A confounding variable (e.g., time since prior lab order, or which scanner in a hospital is used to acquire a radiograph) is associated with both an explanatory variable (e.g., acuity of a patient ’ s illness, or a patient ’ s clinically predicted risk of fracture) and an outcome (e.g.,…”
Recall Bias can be a Threat to Retrospective and Prospective Research Designs (2005, background): “Because human memory is frequently imprecise, recall bias (According to Grimes and Schulz, 2002) 1 is commonly believed to be “pervasive in case-control studies”.”
Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. (2016, background): “using the wrong statistical model).(6,7,93,106-108)”
Bias in data‐driven artificial intelligence systems—An introductory survey (2020, neutral): “Discovering and understanding causal influences among variables is a fundamental tool for dealing with bias, as recognized in the legal circles (Foster, 2004) and in medical research (Grimes & Schulz, 2002).”
Predictive validity performance indicators in violence risk assessment: a methodological primer. (2013, methodology): “In cases where investigators wish to adjust these odds for potential confounding variables or to use continuous (e.g., total score on a risk assessment tool) as opposed to dichotomous independent variables, logistic regression may be used (Grimes & Schulz, 2002).”
Diagnosis and Management of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (2011, neutral): “病因和发病机制:CVT的潜在危险因素 CVT 的诱因是多方面的。危险因素通常被归类为获得性危险 ( 诸如手术、创伤、妊娠、围产期、抗磷脂抗体综合征、癌症、外源性激素 ) 和遗传性危险 ( 遗传性易栓症 )。表 3 总结了促凝因素与 CVT 之间因果关系 [10,11] 的证据 ([12-55])。总结的证据涉及联系强度和一致性、”
Impact of maternal depression on infant nutritional status and illness: a cohort study. (2004, methodology): “We did not match on variables such as socioeconomic status or education because we could not be sure if these were confounders or part of a causal pathway linking maternal depression to infant growth, and matching would not have allowed us to study their effects.(33) Multiple logistic regression was”
Medical Management of Acute Organophosphorus Pesticide Self-Poisoning (2008, neutral): “The other meta-analyses combined non-randomised or historically controlled observational studies 64,74–78 with randomised controlled trials 67,68,79 reducing conﬁ dence 80,81 in their conclusion that oximes are harmful.”