Optimization of foam-filled bitubal structures for crashworthiness criteria

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Deformation, energy absorption and crushing behavior of single-, double- and multi-wall foam filled square and circular tubes (2015, background): “In the past, several researchers studied different types of energy absorber systems such as frusta [3–5], circular tubes [6–8], square tubes [9–11], multi-corner metal columns [12,13], and rods [14] for their application in impact and crash and presented the comprehensive results [15–21].”
Multiobjective optimization for empty and foam-filled square columns under oblique impact loading (2013, methodology): “Thin-walled column material Aluminum alloy AA6063 T6 [19,26,37] was used for the thin-walled columns with the material properties: density r 1⁄4 2700 kg/m3, Young’s modulus E 1⁄4 68.”
On the crashworthiness performance of thin-walled energy absorbers: Recent advances and future developments (2017, background): “Algorithm (GA-II) [243], [244], Genetic Algorithm (GA) [245] and so on.”
How does negative Poisson’s ratio of foam filler affect crashworthiness? (2015, background): “[10] optimized monotubal and bitubal structures and revealed that foam-filled bitubal configuration has better energy absorption capacity than hollow or other foam-filled structures.”