Does FDI Promote MENA Region's Environment Quality? Pollution Halo or Pollution Haven Hypothesis

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Financial development and ecological footprint: A global panel data analysis (2019, background): “Foreign enterprises use cleaner technologies following the environmental protection laws and promote R&D in the energy-efficient technology, thereby leading to higher environmental quality (Zarsky, 1999; Asghari, 2013).”
The environmental consequences of domestic and foreign investment: Evidence from China (2017, background): “…regulations and higher labor and resource prices than in developing countries, therefore the firms and companies in developed countries have strong incentives to shift production to the countries with lower standards of environmental regulations to save production costs (Asghari, 2013).”
How does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Pollution? Toward a Better Understanding of the Direct and Conditional Effects (2015, unknown): “For instance, Asghari (2013) concludes the validation of the pollution halo effect based on the negative sign of the estimated coefficient for the direct effect of FDIs on CO2 emissions, while revealing nothing about the reality of the pollution havens in the MENA Region. Similarly, by finding that ”