On reducing anisotropy in 3D printed polymers via ionizing radiation

By S. Shaffer, Kejia Yang, Juan Vargas, M. Prima, Walter E. Voit. 2014

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Failure Analysis and Anisotropy Evaluation of 3D-Printed Tensile Test Specimens of Different Geometries and Print Raster Patterns (2016, methodology): “For example, Ahn et al. [22] utilized the Type I specimen of the ASTM standard D638 to evaluate the effect of raster pattern on the tensile strength of test coupons printed from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), while Bellini and Güçeri [13] evaluated the effect of both build orientation and ”
Measurements of the mechanical response of unidirectional 3D-printed PLA (2017, methodology): “Irrespective of the specific method, additive manufacturing results in components with a layered microstructure; within each of the layers, the mechanical properties of 3D-printed materials depend upon direction [9-11].”
Improving mechanical properties of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites produced by FDM 3D printer (2018, methodology): “Poor adhesion between the rasters (at each layer) and the layers, in addition to creating anisotropy in manufactured products, can be considered as the main reasons for the low strength of FDM products compared to the traditional ones; consequently, lower tensile and compressive properties, and impa”