Entropy and plasma sheet transport

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Average thermodynamic and spectral properties of plasma in and around dipolarizing flux bundles (2015, background): “…described as “plasma bubbles,” i.e., flux tubes with flux tube entropy function Sf = pV𝛾 , where p = nkT is the thermal plasma pressure, V = ∫ ds∕B is the volume of a flux tube, and 𝛾 is the polytropic index, lower than that of the ambient plasma sheet (see Wolf et al., 2009 [2009] for review).”
Recent advances in understanding substorm dynamics (2012, background): “[33] Although the basic mechanism that creates plasmadepleted flux tubes (bubbles) is magnetic reconnection [Wolf et al., 2009; Birn et al., 2011], modestly-depleted bubbles might be formed in interchange-unstable regions of the”