Of PAMPs and Effectors: The Blurred PTI-ETI Dichotomy[OA]

By B. Thomma, T. Nürnberger, M. Joosten. The Plant Cell, 2011

987 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Typically, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are considered to be conserved throughout classes of microbes and to contribute to general microbial fitness, whereas effectors are species, race, or strain specific and contribute to pathogen virulence. Both types of molecule can trigger plant immunity, designated PAMP-triggered and effector-triggered immunity (PTI and ETI, respectively). However, not all microbial defense activators conform to the common distinction between PAMPs and effectors. For example, some effectors display wide distribution, while some PAMPs are rather narrowly conserved or contribute to pathogen virulence. As effectors may elicit defense responses and PAMPs may be required for virulence, single components cannot exclusively be referred to by one of the two terms. Therefore, we put forward that the distinction between PAMPs and effectors, between PAMP receptors and resistance proteins, and, therefore, also between PTI and ETI, cannot strictly be maintained. Rather, as illustrated by examples provided here, there is a continuum between PTI and ETI. We argue that plant resistance is determined by immune receptors that recognize appropriate ligands to activate defense, the amplitude of which is likely determined by the level required for effective immunity.

Subfields: Plant Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1db8e18463aa4fc1cf837fba82f4fa01dfc95ab0

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Citations in the corpus

Defended to the Nines: 25 Years of Resistance Gene Cloning Identifies Nine Mechanisms for R Protein Function[OPEN] (2018, background): “In this review, we do not distinguish betweenPTI andETI, as thePTI andETI responses are very similar and the division has become hazy with the descriptionofconservedeffectorsandpolymorphicPAMPs(Thomma et al., 2011).”
Plant pattern recognition receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. (2012, background): “Notably, the LRR-RLP Cf proteins that confer resistance to Cladisporium fulvum in tomato may be reclassified as PRRs, however this is still an open debate [40].”
Comprehending crystalline β-carotene accumulation by comparing engineered cell models and the natural carotenoid-rich system of citrus (2011, neutral): “Induced resistance to plant pathogens is based on recognition events involving pathogen (microbial)-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs), pathogen-delivered effectors (Thomma et al., 2011), or plant cell-wall fragment defences (Denoux et al.”
Role of phytohormones in insect-specific plant reactions (2012, background): “Although the PTI/ETI model is sometimes regarded as an oversimplification [3], the molecular identification of the involved ligands and receptors has enabled conclusions to be drawn about the specificity of recognition in plant–pathogen interactions: in general, PTI is based on non-specific recognit”
WRKY transcription factors (2014, background): “The SA-mediated signaling pathway is associated with resistance to biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens, while JA/ET signaling often correlates with resistance to necrotrophic pathogens.(27,28) These phytohormones have different effects on WRKY TFs, e.”