When Race Matters and When It Doesn't: Racial Group Differences in Response to Racial Cues

By I. White. American Political Science Review, 2007

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On Assessing the Political Effects of Racial Prejudice (2009, background): “…to race, a stereotypic image of blacks in the absence of a direct racial reference, a light-skinned black face, or the use of racial code words such as “inner-city criminals” (Mendelberg 2001, Huber & Lapinski 2006, Hurwitz & Peffley 2005, Terkildsen 1993, Valentino et al. 2002, White 2007).”
Race as a Bundle of Sticks: Designs that Estimate Effects of Seemingly Immutable Characteristics (2016, background): “…in gender studies distinguishes between " sex " and " gender, " where " sex " is defined as biological and anatomical while " gender " is defined as the product of psychological, social, institutional, and cultural forces (see, for example , Deaux 1985; Htun 2005; West and Zimmerman 1987).”