Bird Migration Speed

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High juvenile mortality during migration in a declining population of a long-distance migratory raptor (2015, background): “Migration distance was the cumulative distance between all subsequent locations during the migration period, and migration speed was the migration distance divided by the number of days spent migrating (Alerstam 2003).”
Flexibility in daily travel routines causes regional variation in bird migration speed (2008, background): “Previous studies have revealed that the speed at which animals migrate is not constant but varies between geographical regions (Fuller et al. 1998; Alerstam 2003; Shamoun-Baranes et al. 2003; Alerstam et al. 2006).”
The strategy of fly-and-forage migration, illustrated for the osprey (Pandion haliaetus) (2007, background): “In traditional migration theory, the resulting speed of migration takes into account the two main time components of (a) travelling when distance is covered and energy is consumed and (b) energy deposition during stationary stopover or premigratory fuelling periods (Alerstam and Lindström 1990; Hede”