Conceptions for heat transfer correlation of nanofluids

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A review on nanofluid: preparation, stability, thermophysical properties, heat transfer characteristics and application (2020, background): “Hence, functional form of Nusselt number of nanofluid can be expressed as [93],”
Heat transfer through heat exchanger using Al2O3 nanofluid at different concentrations (2013, methodology): “The specific heat is calculated from Xuan and Roetzel [5] as following: ðρCpÞnf ¼ ð1 ∅ÞðρCpÞf þ∅ðρCpÞp ð2Þ where Cpnf is the heat capacity of the nanofluid, Cpf is the heat capacity of the base fluid and Cpp is the heat capacity of the nanoparticles.”
Experimental investigation into the pool boiling heat transfer of aqueous based γ-alumina nanofluids (2005, background): “namely, effective thermal conductivity under static conditions (Masuda et al., 1993; Choi, 1995; Eastman et al., 1996, 2001; Lee et al., 1999; Wang et al., 1999; Xuan & Li, 2000; Keblinski et al., 2002; Xie et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2003; Wen & Ding, 2004a), convective heat transfer (Pak & Cho, 199”