Defining Profiling: A New Type of Knowledge?

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The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate (2016, neutral): “Decision-making algorithms are used across a variety of domains, from simplistic decision-making models (Levenson and Pettrey, 1994) to complex proﬁling algorithms (Hildebrandt, 2008).”
Catastrophic cat predation: A call for predator profiling in wildlife protection programs (2015, background): “Criminal, aggregate and DNA profiling is used extensively in crime fighting and data mining applications (Hildebrandt, 2008; Kocsis, 2007) and many human forensic and profiling methods could be adapted to predator profiling for threatened species protection.”
Artificial Intelligence Governance and Ethics: Global Perspectives (2019, methodology): “It is a method of inferential analysis that identifies correlations within datasets that can, in the case of profiling, be used as an indicator to classify a subject as a representative of a category or group (Hildebrandt 2008; Schreurs et al 2008).”
The new profiling: Algorithms, black boxes, and the failure of anti-discriminatory safeguards in the European Union (2014, background): “Categories then come into being as part of autonomic machine behavior, processed and communicated between systems that do not require human intervention (Hildebrandt, 2008).”