Large-scale spanwise periodicity in a turbulent boundary layer induced by highly ordered and directional surface roughness

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Effects of spanwise spacing on large-scale secondary flows in rough-wall turbulent boundary layers (2015, background): “Even the converging-diverging riblet-type surface roughness studied by Nugroho et al. (2013) had a spanwise period ranging from S/δ = 2 to 2.7. The only possible exception that we found in the literature was the experimental study by Reynolds et al. (2007), which observed secondary flows over variou”
Observations of turbulent secondary flows in a rough-wall boundary layer (2014, background): “…at least δ in the streamwise direction, are interpreted as turbulent secondary flows induced by the spanwise heterogeneity of the roughness under consideration, akin to that observed previously by both Nugroho et al. (2013) and Willingham et al. (2014) for more ordered roughness arrangements.”
Large-Eddy Simulation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (2020, background): “Studies have shown that there is a high degree of spanwise heterogeneity in the mean flowwhen the surface roughness features a prominent spanwise heterogeneity (Nugroho et al. 2013; Willingham et al. 2013; Anderson et al. 2015;Yang andAnderson 2017;Hwang andLee 2018;Anderson 2019b).”