Capillary pressure and hydrophilic porosity in gas diffusion layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells

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Towards uniformly distributed heat, mass and charge: A flow field design study for high pressure and high current density operation of PEM electrolysis cells (2019, background): “[59], the break through pressure of a MPL for fuel cell applications can be two orders of magnitude larger than that of the PTL due to the small pore size.”
Liquid water transport in a mixed-wet gas diffusion layer of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (2008, result): “Recent experimental investigations (Gostick et al., 2006a) further confirm the mixed-wetting characteristics of GDLs.”
Microporous layer for water morphology control in PEMFC (2009, neutral): “Experiments show that CL pores are hydrophobic with some hydrophilic pores created by inclusion of PEM material [47–49].”
A Review of Water Management in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (2009, methodology): “Such a treatment leads to a mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic pores in the GDL [178] and hence, inhibits water condensation in the GDL pores completely and ensures a low water saturation level [228].”
A multi-scale approach to material modeling of fuel cell diffusion media (2011, background): “Both GDL and MPL are usually hydrophobically treated to avoid flooding of the gas-transporting pores with product water of the electrochemical reaction [7].”