Individual Variation in the Strength of Territory Defense in Male Song Sparrows: Correlates of Age, Territory Tenure, and Neighbor Aggressiveness

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The ability to perform physically challenging songs predicts age and size in male swamp sparrows, Melospiza georgiana (2009, background): “This pattern could represent an overall improvement of breeding skills (i.e. parental competence or obtaining high-quality territories) (Pärt 2001a, b; Hyman et al. 2004), increasing reproductive effort with age (Pärt 1995), or heritable variation in survival (Mauck et al. 2004).”
Bird song as a signal of aggressive intent (2006, background): “In previous work, we have found that territorial male song sparrows show considerable variation in aggressive and singing rates in response to intrusions, and that individuals are consistent from trial to trial in these behaviors (Nowicki et al. 2002; Hyman et al. 2004).”