Commentary: race and sex are causes.

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Counterfactual Fairness (2017, background): “It is the plausibility of complex, even if impossible to practically manipulate, causal chains fromA to Y that allows us to claim that unfairness is real [11].”
The problem of variable choice (2016, background): “For the opposite view with respect to race and gender, see Glymour and Glymour (2014).”
For and Against Methodologies: Some Perspectives on Recent Causal and Statistical Inference Debates (2017, background): “Their triumph in this regard has generated a new wave of concerns and criticisms (e.g., King and Zeng 2007; Glymour and Glymour 2014; Vandenbroucke et al. 2016; Krieger and Davey Smith 2016; Schwartz et al. 2016, 2017), a few of which I discuss below.”
The Use and Misuse of Counterfactuals in Ethical Machine Learning (2021, background): “There has been a long standing debate among several disciplines such as philosophy, sociology, law and epidemiology about the causal effects of social categories such as race and gender [12, 16, 34, 41].”