Delivery of insulin-like growth factor-I to the rat brain and spinal cord along olfactory and trigeminal pathways following intranasal administration.

By R. Thorne, G. Pronk, V. Padmanabhan, William H Frey II. Neuroscience, 2004

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Mechanism of intranasal drug delivery directly to the brain (2018, background): “tranasally administered substances such as fluorescent-labelled insulin and [(125)I]-IGF-1 are found throughout the parenchyma of the brain in significant amount after only 30 min [26,98].”
The blood–brain barrier: Structure, regulation and drug delivery (2023, background): “179 The results from high-resolution phosphor imaging autoradiography established the speci ﬁ c binding of IGF1 and binding sites.”
Intranasal delivery to the central nervous system: mechanisms and experimental considerations. (2010, background): “Intranasally applied drugs can move into perivascular spaces in the nasal passages or after reaching the brain and the widespread distribution observed within the CNS could be due to perivascular transport mechanisms.(4) Several intranasal studies show high levels of drug present in the walls of cer”