Ecological hypotheses for a historical reconstruction of upper trophic level biomass in the Baltic Sea and Skagerrak

By B. MacKenzie, J. Alheit, D. Conley, Poul Holm, C. Kinze. 2002

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ICES meets marine historical ecology: placing the history of fish and fisheries in current policy context (2016, background): “The Baltic Sea ecosystem changed drastically during the 20th century, owing to increased exploitation, eutrophication, reduction of marine mammal abundance (especially seals), and, more recently, climate change (MacKenzie et al., 2002; HELCOM, 2007; Eero et al., 2011).”
Impact of 21st century climate change on the Baltic Sea fish community and fisheries (2007, background): “, 2005), whereas the latter is being compiled from fisheries institutes, historical archives, tax records and archaeological evidence (Enghoff, 1999; Holm et al., 2001; MacKenzie et al., 2002; Ojaveer & Andrushaitis, 2004).”
New paradigms for supporting the resilience of marine ecosystems. (2005, background): “In coastal seas, the collapse of pelagic fisheries and nutrient additions has contributed to unprecedented plankton blooms [ 47 ,54].”
Zoobenthic diversity-gradients in the Baltic Sea: Continuous post-glacial succession in a stressed ecosystem (2006, background): “, 2001; Jansson and Jansson, 2002) that may be hard or even impossible to repair (MacKenzie et al., 2002), but in trying to reconstruct the structure benthic assemblages of the past, historic data (at least 100 years of information) are of prime value (Zettler and Röhner, 2004).”