Life cycle analysis: A critique

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Chasing Carbon: The Elusive Environmental Footprint of Computing (2020, background): “Typically, evaluating the carbon footprint of an individual hardware system involves life-cycle analyses (LCAs) [36], including production/manufacturing, transport, use, and end-of-life processing, as Figure 4 shows.”
Recent developments in Life Cycle Assessment. (2009, result): “At that time LCA was regarded with high expectations but its results were also often criticized (e.g., Udo de Haes, 1993; Ayres, 1995; Ehrenfeld, 1998; Krozer and Viz, 1998; Finnveden, 2000).”
Analyzing, Mapping, and Managing Environmental Impacts along Supply Chains (2001, background): “It is not necessary to describe in detail the theory and practice of LCA here, suffice it to say that there are great practical problems related to data, time, expense, and expertise requirements (Udo de Haes 1993; Ayres 1995; Lee et al. 1995; Ehrenfeld 1997; Hunt et al. 1998).”
Slower Consumption Reflections on Product Life Spans and the “Throwaway Society” (2005, background): “Consequently it is often subject to criticism (e.g., Ayres 1995; Lee et al. 1995).”