Triaxial orbit based galaxy models with an application to the (apparent) decoupled core galaxy NGC 4365

By R. V. D. Bosch, Glenn van de Ven, E. Verolme, M. Cappellari, P. W. S. Leiden, Institute for Advanced Study, P. University, U. Oxford, E. Observatory. 2007

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We present a flexible and efficient method to construct triaxial dynamical models of galaxies with a central black hole, using Schwarzschild's orbital superposition approach. Our method is general and can deal with realistic luminosity distributions, which project to surface brightness distributions that may show position angle twists and ellipticity variations. The models are fit to measurements of the full line-of-sight velocity distribution (wherever available). We verify that our method is able to reproduce theoretical predictions of a three-integral triaxial Abel model. In a companion paper by Ven, de Zeeuw & van den Bosch, we demonstrate that the method recovers the phase-space distribution function. We apply our method to two-dimensional observations of the E3 galaxy NGC 4365, obtained with the integral-field spectrograph SAURON, and study its internal structure, showing that the observed kinematically decoupled core is not physically distinct from the main body and the inner region is close to oblate axisymmetric.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/19dec2226d8c3183e9ea36fa929b2935de3f7292

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Citations in the corpus

WIDE-FIELD PRECISION KINEMATICS OF THE M87 GLOBULAR CLUSTER SYSTEM (2011, background): “Such a kinematical twist does not necessarily imply a radical dynamical transition but may reflect the rearrangement of a small fraction of the stellar orbits, as found through dynamical modeling of the famous “kinematically decoupled core” in NGC 4365 (van den Bosch et al. 2008).”
THE MAJORITY OF COMPACT MASSIVE GALAXIES AT z ∼ 2 ARE DISK DOMINATED (2011, background): “Dynamical modeling of very massive nearby ellipticals has revealed that whereas the global rotation rate is small, the majority of the stars, even in the inner parts, are on disk-like orbits (see van den Bosch et al. 2008, , for an example).”
A REVISED PARALLEL-SEQUENCE MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF GALAXIES: STRUCTURE AND FORMATION OF S0 AND SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES (2011, background): “In fact, they have analyzed their most anisotropic galaxies with triaxial models (e. g., NGC 4365: van den Bosch et al. 2008), and these reveal the triaxiality.”
The Morphologies of Massive Galaxies at 1<z<3 in the CANDELS-UDS Field: Compact Bulges, and the Rise and Fall of Massive Disks (2012, background): “…today, are better able to add mass while leaving the age and metallicity gradients in the central regions of massive galaxies unscrambled, and may provide a natural explanation for the kinematically decoupled cores frequently observed in present-day ellipticals (e.g. van den Bosch et al. 2008).”
The ATLAS3D project – III. A census of the stellar angular momentum within the effective radius of early‐type galaxies: unveiling the distribution of fast and slow rotators (2011, background): “…VI, which are FRs, all have regular velocity fields with small photometric versus kinematic misalignments, while most of the remnants, which are SRs, have kpc-size KDCs (see also van den Bosch et al. 2008; Hoffman et al. 2010; Paper VI) and are spread over a wide range of misalignment angle values.”
EFFICIENT THREE-DIMENSIONAL NLTE DUST RADIATIVE TRANSFER WITH SKIRT (2011, methodology): “The MGE method has proven to be a very powerful tool for image analysis: even with a relatively modest set of gaussian components, N ∼ 10, even complex geometries can be reproduced accurately (Emsellem et al. 1994b, 1999; Cappellari 2002; Cappellari et al. 2006; van den Bosch et al. 2008).”
The SAURON project – XVII. Stellar population analysis of the absorption line strength maps of 48 early-type galaxies (2010, unknown): “A recent dy amical study (van den Bosch et al. 2008) applying triaxial orbit-based models to the prominent KDC galaxy NGC 4365 (see also Bender 1988; Davies et al. 2001) shows that the observed KDC is not physically distinct from the main body, but rather caused by a superposition of orbits.”
The local dark matter density (2014, methodology): “The observed distribution of stars is then fit using a weighted sum over these orbits (for recent examples, see: van de Ven et al., 2008; van den Bosch et al., 2008; Vasiliev, 2013).”
The ATLAS3D project - II. Morphologies, kinemetric features and alignment between photometric and kinematic axes of early-type galaxies (2011, background): “…radial variation of the relative weights assigned to different orbital families which will give rise to radially different kinematic structures and contribute to the radial variation of the observed misalignment (see van den Bosch et al. 2008, for a detailed orbital analysis of a triaxial system).”
Galaxy Masses: A Review (2013, background): “Velocity Dispersion Measurements For a self-gravitating, radially exponential disk with vertical profile of the form ρ(R, z) = ρ(R, 0)sech(2)(z/z0), van der Kruit (1988) and Bottema (1993) showed that the peak circular velocity of the stellar disk, Vdisk, measured at R = 2.”
Two-dimensional kinematics of SLACS lenses – III. Mass structure and dynamics of early-type lens galaxies beyond z ≃ 0.1 (2011, background): “…et al. 1994, Franx et al. 1994, Carollo et al. 1995, Rix et al. 1997, Loewenstein & White 1999, Gerhard et al. 2001, Borriello et al. 2003, van den Bosch et al. 2008, Thomas et al. 2007, 2009, 2011 and in particular the SAURON project, de Zeeuw et al. 2002, and the Atlas3D project, Cappellari et…”
OVERVIEW OF THE SDSS-IV MaNGA SURVEY: MAPPING NEARBY GALAXIES AT APACHE POINT OBSERVATORY (2014, background): “…break the degeneracy between mass and light by combining state-of-the-art dynamical modeling (e.g, Cappellari et al. 2006; Cappellari 2008; van den Bosch et al. 2008; de Lorenzi et al. 2009; Long & Mao 2010) and IMF-sensitive spectrophotometric modeling (e.g., Conroy & van Dokkum 2012b; La…”
The Milky Way’s stellar disk (2013, methodology): “This approach has been implemented by Rix et al. (1997), Gebhardt et al. (2003), and van den Bosch et al. (2008).”
THE BLACK HOLE MASS, STELLAR MASS-TO-LIGHT RATIO, AND DARK HALO IN M87 (2009, background): “Triaxial models (van den Bosch et al. 2008) have only recently been developed, and it will be important to study M87 as a triaxial system.”
Structure and Kinematics of Early-Type Galaxies from Integral Field Spectroscopy (2016, methodology): “An interesting class of non-regular rotators are those with central KDC. Detailed Schwarzschild dynamical models using SAURON data for NGC 4365 (van den Bosch et al. 2008) revealed that the KDC is not spatially distinct in terms of orbital distribution.”
The ATLAS3D project XV: benchmark for early-type galaxies scaling relations from 260 dynamical models: mass-to-light ratio, dark matter, fundamental plane and mass plane (2012, background): “…et al. 2002; Valluri, Merritt & Emsellem 2004; Houghton et al. 2006), for galaxy mass determinations (e.g. Cappellari et al. 2006; Thomas et al. 2007b) and to recover orbital distributions (e.g. Krajnović et al. 2005; Cappellari et al. 2007; van den Bosch et al. 2008; Thomas et al. 2009).”