Detritivory, coprophagy, and the evolution of digestive mutualisms in Dictyoptera

By C. Nalepa, D. Bignell, C. Bandi. Insectes Sociaux, 2001

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Origin of termite eusociality: trophallaxis integrates the social, nutritional, and microbial environments (2015, background): “Eusociality and colony-wide trophallaxis co-evolved in the descendents, simultaneously providing infrastructure for building an information network and circulation system for the superorganism (Nalepa, 1991; Nalepa et al., 2001).”
The Hologenome Concept: Human, Animal and Plant Microbiota (2014, background): “In the case of cellulose degradation by termites, it has been suggested that the evolution of a sophisticated community of hindgut microorganisms may be viewed as a gradual process of internalizing consortia of external anaerobic microbes that digest plant litter in the soil (Nalepa et al. 2001).”
The four phases of plant-arthropod associations in deep time (2006, background): “This degradation of a wide variety of Middle Mississippian plant tissues continued throughout the Paleozoic and was extensively supplemented during the later Mesozoic by clades such as termites and wood roaches (Labandeira et al., 1997; Nalepa et al., 2001).”
Access to mutualistic endosymbiotic microbes: an underappreciated benefit of group living (2008, background): “, directly feeding on conspecific anal fluids) by both subsocial and eusocial hosts when the required endosymbionts included flagellate protozoans (Nalepa et al. 2001).”