Damaging effects of deicing chemicals on concrete materials

By Kejin Wang, Daniel Nelsen, W. Nixon. 2006

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Microstructure and properties of concrete using bottom ash and waste foundry sand as partial replacement of fine aggregates (2014, methodology): “[63] reported mass loss of the normal concrete specimens immersed in CaCl2 deicing solution, as also used in the present study, about 2% of the total weight of the sample at 20 wetting dry cycles.”
Deicer Impacts on Pavement Materials: Introduction and Recent Developments (2009, background): “Such physiochemical changes of the cement paste induced by the deicers pose various levels of risks for the concrete durability.”
Durability study on engineered cementitious composites (ECC) under sulfate and chloride environment (2017, background): “Besides, the existence of chloride ions could increase the leaching of Ca [46,47].”
Influence of micro-cracking on the permeability of engineered cementitious composites (2016, background): “However, the effectiveness of this method depends critically on the performance of the waterproofing concrete material which tends to form large cracks under structural and/or environmental loads [7,8].”