Facilitation by unpalatable weeds may conserve plant diversity in overgrazed meadows in the Caucasus Mountains

By R. Callaway, Z. Kikvidze, D. Kikodze. 2000

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The role of a spiny plant refuge in structuring grazed shortgrass steppe plant communities (2002, background): “The role of these natural plant refuges in grazing ecosystems is a critical issue in the conservation and management of grassland biodiversity (Callaway et al. 2000).”
Conditional outcomes in plant/herbivore interactions: neighbours matter (2006, background): “The immediate proximity to certain plants can benefit other plants that grow below them, when toxicity or spines act as physical barrier or concealment against herbivores (Callaway et al. 2000), acting as biotic refuges.”
Grazing refuges, external avoidance of herbivory and plant diversity (2002, background): “Callaway et al. (2000) studied the plant communities under and between spiny Cirsium ob alatum and toxic Veratrum lobelianum plants in a subhumid region of the Republic of Georgia, where there has been a long history of heavy grazing by domestic livestock.”
Ecological anachronisms in the recruitment of temperate light‐demanding tree species in wooded pastures (2004, background): “Associational resistance is thought to operate in many grazed ecosystems (Vera 1997; Olff et al. 1999; Callaway, Kikvidze & Kikodze 2000; Rousset & Lepart 2000; Vera 2000; Milchunas & Noy-Meir 2002), yet experimental evidence is scarce (Callaway 1992; Callaway & Davis 1998).”