A statistical investigation of preearthquake ionospheric anomaly

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Seismoionospheric GPS total electron content anomalies observed before the 12 May 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake (2009, background): “0 earthquakes during a 6-year period of 1994–1999 in the Taiwan area demonstrates that the abnormal decrease of the ionospheric NmF2, in terms of the corresponding plasma frequency foF2, in the afternoon period of 1200–1800 LT occurs significantly within 1–5 days before the earthquakes [Chen et al.,”
GNSS ionospheric seismology: Recent observation evidences and characteristics (2015, methodology): “Furthermore, some controversial pre-seismic ionospheric anomalies were also observed in the TEC, NmF2 (F2 peak electron density) or HmF2 (F2 peak height) time series (Liu et al., 2006; Heki, 2011), however the mechanism is still unclear and the debate still existed.”
A statistical analysis of ionospheric anomalies before 736 M6.0+ earthquakes during 2002-2010 (2011, unknown): “…of the critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2) and/or total electron content (TEC) in the vicinity of an epicenter within some days prior to the main shock [e.g., Pulinets, 1998; Pulinets et al., 2003, 2007; Zhao et al., 2008, 2010; Liu et al., 2001, 2004, 2006a, 2009; Zakharenkova et al., 2007].”
Air ionization at rock surfaces and pre-earthquake signals (2009, background): “0 earthquakes in the Taiwan region between 1999 and 2002 (Liu et al., 2006).”