Patient and family engagement: a framework for understanding the elements and developing interventions and policies.

By K. Carman, Pam Dardess, Maureen E Maurer, S. Sofaer, Karen Adams, C. Bechtel, J. Sweeney. Health Affairs, 2013

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SEIPS 2.0: A human factors framework for studying and improving the work of healthcare professionals and patients (2013, background): “Various models are emerging that conceptualize and promote patient, family, and citizen engagement (Carman et al., 2013; Health Canada, 2000; Hibbard, Stockard, Mahoney, & Tusler, 2004).”
From tokenism to empowerment: progressing patient and public involvement in healthcare improvement (2016, methodology): “33 Reproduced with permission of Project HOPE/ Health Affairs from Carman et al. 33 occur at the collective level in organisational design and governance and in policymaking.”
Engaging patients to improve quality of care: a systematic review (2018, background): “While the nature of patient engagement may vary from including patients as members of a board to time-limited consultation with patients on service redesign, its aims are consistent— to improve the quality of care [11, 13, 14].”