Operant variability: Evidence, functions, and theory

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Unpredictable animals: individual differences in intraindividual variability (IIV) (2012, background): “In humans, the IIV of motor and cognitive skills declines with practise (Cox 1934; Ram et al. 2005), can change in response to reinforcement (Neuringer 2002, 2004), and may increase during the extinction of previously learned responses (Kinloch et al. 2009).”
Experientia Docet: Professionals Play Minimax in Laboratory Experiments ∗ (2008, background): “18 See Neuringer (2002) for a thorough review of the literature. action choices, n i L left and n i R right, is known (see Gibbons and Chakraborti (1992) ) and given by: f (r|n i L , n i R ) = ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ 2 ³ n i L −1 r/ 2−1´³ n i R −1 r/ 2−1´/ ³ n i L +n i R n i L ´ if r is even ³³ n i L −1 (r−1)/2 ´”
Operant variability and voluntary action. (2010, methodology): “An extraordinary example of precise control was shown in an experiment by Ross and Neuringer (2002) in which college students were rewarded for simultaneously varying along two dimensions of response while repeating along a third dimension.”
Navigating Into the Future or Driven by the Past (2013, background): “In particular, we have assumed nothing about the role indeterminism or stochasticity might play (Glimcher, 2011; Grabenhorst & Rolls, 2011; Neuringer, 2002).”