Double-Barred Galaxies I. A Catalog of Barred Galaxies with Stellar Secondary Bars and Inner Disks

By P. Erwin. 2003

157 citations recorded by the source corpus.

I present a catalog of 67 barred galaxies which contain distinct, elliptical stellar structures inside their bars. Fifty of these are double-barred galaxies: a small-scale, inner or secondary bar is embedded within a large- scale, outer or primary bar. I provide homogenized measurements of the sizes, ellipticities, and orientations of both inner and outer bars, along with global parameters for the galaxies. The other 17 are classified as inner-disk galaxies, where a large-scale bar harbors an inner elliptical structure which is aligned with the galaxy's outer disk. Four of the double-barred galaxies also possess inner disks, located in between the inner and outer bars. While the inner-disk classification is ad-hoc - and undoubtedly includes some inner bars with chance alignments (five such probable cases are identified) - there is good evidence that inner disks form a statistically distinct population, and that at least some are indeed disks rather than bars. In addition, I list 36 galaxies which may be double-barred, but for which current observations are ambiguous or incomplete, and another 23 galaxies which have been previously suggested as potentially being double-barred, but which are probably not. False double-bar identifications are usually due to features such as nuclear rings and spirals being misclassified as bars; I provide some illustrated examples of how this can happen. A detailed statistical analysis of the general population of double-bar and inner-disk galaxies, as represented by this catalog, will be presented in a companion paper.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1748f61867c8158907f5fc986dddd01ee948f69b

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Astronomy and Astrophysics

1. M. Cappellari
2. J. Kormendy
3. M. Sarzi
4. Alister W. Graham
5. M. Bureau
6. Roger Davies
7. P. Hopkins
8. Luis C. Ho

In Instrumentation

1. M. Cappellari
2. J. Kormendy
3. M. Bureau
4. M. Sarzi
5. Eric Emsellem
6. R. Bender
7. Roger Davies
8. P. de Zeeuw

In Statistical and Nonlinear Physics

1. Jian Hu
2. Alister W. Graham
3. Heikki Salo
4. E. Laurikainen
5. R. Buta
6. Luis C. Ho
7. Johan H. Knapen
8. J. Kormendy

Citations in the corpus

• AINUR: Atlas of Images of NUclear Rings (2009, background): “There is an inner bar inside the ring (Erwin 2004) and no bright source at the centre of the ring.”
• Multicomponent decompositions for a sample of S0 galaxies (2005, background): “This galaxy is classified as having an intermediatetype bar in RC3, and it is also reported to have an elliptical inner structure in the red continuum by Garcia-Barreto & Moreno (2000) and in the Two-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) images by Erwin (2004).”
• The SAURON project – VII. Integral-field absorption and emission-line kinematics of 24 spiral galaxy bulges (2006, background): “NGC 4274 is a double barred galaxy (Shaw et al. 1995; Erwin 2004) with significant amounts of dust in the inner parts.”
• Secular Evolution and the Formation of Pseudobulges in Disk Galaxies (2004, background): “…include Elmegreen et al. (1998); van den Bosch, Jaffe, & van der Marel (1998); Peletier et al. (1999); Erwin & Sparke (1999, 2002, 2003); Ravindranath et al. (2001); Rest et al. (2001); Hughes et al. (2003); Martini et al. (2003a); Fathi & Peletier (2003), Erwin et al. 2003, and Erwin (2004).”
• Fundamental Planes and the Barless MBH-σ Relation for Supermassive Black Holes (2008, background): “7; Cappellari & Emsellem 2004; Erwin 2004; Meusinger & Ismail 2007).”
• The black hole mass–stellar velocity dispersion correlation: bulges versus pseudo-bulges (2008, background): “NGC 3384 has a inner disk (Erwin 2004) and a bulge with disk-like kinetic property (de Zeeuw et al. 2002).”
• THE SINFONI BLACK HOLE SURVEY: THE BLACK HOLE FUNDAMENTAL PLANE REVISITED AND THE PATHS OF (CO)EVOLUTION OF SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES AND BULGES (2016, methodology): “But Erwin (2004) classified the object as a barred galaxy with an inner disk, rather than double-barred.”
• A CLASSICAL MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF GALAXIES IN THE SPITZER SURVEY OF STELLAR STRUCTURE IN GALAXIES (S4G) (2015, background): “Secondary bars, also commonly known as nuclear bars, are well-known features of early-type barred galaxies (e.g., Laine et al. 2002; Erwin 2004).”
• The population of barred galaxies in the local universe - I. Detection and characterisation of bars (2009, background): “…& Debattista 2006) Moreover, they funnel material towards the galaxy centre building bulge-like structures (e.g., Kormendy & Kennicutt 2004), nuclear star-forming rings (e.g., Buta et al. 2003), and nuclear bars (e.g., Erwin 2004), and feeding the central black hole (e.g., Shlosman et al. 2000).”
• The structure of galactic disks - Studying late-type spiral galaxies using SDSS (2006, background): “According to Erwin (2004) it is a double-barred galaxy with an inner bar of size∼15−−20′′ and an outer bar which is very oval (not very strong) and very large (extending out to <∼ 100 ′′; as seen by e.g. Schinnerer et al. (2000)).”
• Photometric scaling relations of lenticular and spiral galaxies (2010, background): “This galaxy is reported to have also an inner disk in the optical region (Erwin 2004), but it is not visible in our Ks-band image.”
• How Large Are the Bars in Barred Galaxies (2005, methodology): “…& Misiriotis demonstrate, different methods applied to the same (model) galaxies can lead to variations of ∼ 15–35% in measured length.2 After some experimentation, I settled on two measurements, an approach I also used for the outer and inner bars of double-barred galaxies (Erwin 2004).”