ERA‐20CM: a twentieth‐century atmospheric model ensemble

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Surface Wave Effects in the NEMO Ocean Model: Forced and Coupled Experiments (2015, background): “One candidate for forcing ocean-only integrations would be the recently completed ERA 20th century reanalysis (ERA-20C, see Poli et al. 2013, Hersbach et al. 2013, de Boisséson et al. 2014, and Dee et al. 2014).”
Climate model configurations of the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (ECMWF-IFS cycle 43r1) for HighResMIP (2018, methodology): “This bias has been identified in previous versions of the IFS and is known to be sensitive to the details of vertical diffusion in the atmosphere (Hersbach et al., 2015).”
The ERA5 global reanalysis: Preliminary extension to 1950 (2021, methodology): “The ERA5 radiation forcing terms are largely based on the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) initiative CMIP5 as described in (Hersbach et al., 2015a) and, for example, take account of the contribution of volcanic eruptions to stratospheric sulphate aerosol.”
The ERA5 global reanalysis (2020, unknown): “…2003–present 80 km 4D-Var 42r1 (2016) Inness et al. (2019) Centennial reanalyses and model-only climate integrations ERA-20CM 1899–2010 125 km 4D-Var 38r1 (2012) Hersbach et al. (2015) ERA-20C 1900–2010 125 km 4D-Var 38r1 (2012) Poli et al. (2016) CERA-20C 1901–2010 125 km 4D-Var 41r2 (2016)…”