Large amplitude light-induced motion in high elastic modulus polymer actuators

By Kenneth D. Harris, R. Cuypers, P. Scheibe, C. V. Oosten, C. Bastiaansen, J. Lub, D. Broer. 2005

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Gaussian curvature from flat elastica sheets (2011, background): “…is x ∼ 5 × 10−9 m. Length scales typically encountered in mechanical problems with these types of solids for actuation are h 10 mm and R1 100 mm (Broer & Mol 1991; Harris et al. 2005; Mol et al. 2005; van Oosten et al. 2007; Serrano-Ramon et al. 2008), and Frank effects can be safely neglected.”
Conversion of light into macroscopic helical motion. (2014, background): “4c).(37) As mentioned above, all ribbons curl in such a way that the region that was facing the top of the cell during polymerization is always found at the outside of the ribbon, whereas the bottom of the film always ends up inside the twisted ribbon.”
A Brief Review of Stimulus-active Polymers Responsive to Thermal, Light, Magnetic, Electric, and Water/Solvent Stimuli (2010, background): “Complicated movements such as oscillating, twisting, swimming (Camacho-Lopez et al., 2004; Harris et al., 2005; Tabiryan et al., 2005; White et al., 2008), rotation (Yamada et al., 2008), and inchworm walk have been obtained on photoactive polymer films and laminated films (Yamada et al., 2009).”