Inflammatory Cytokines in Experimental and Human Stroke

By K. Lambertsen, K. Biber, B. Finsen. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2012

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Signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions (2022, background): “IL-1β levels are significantly increased in the cerebrospinal fluid at days 2 and 3 post-stroke, suggesting a predictive value in stroke pathophysiology.(233,242) The IL-1 family has been shown to exacerbate stroke pathology, as revealed by reduced infarct volumes in experimental ischemic stroke mod”
Surface functionalized exosomes as targeted drug delivery vehicles for cerebral ischemia therapy. (2018, methodology): “In the mouse MCAO/R model, the TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA expression levels increase within 4-6 h of reperfusion and pea k at 18-24 h [51].”
Functions and mechanisms of microglia/macrophages in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis after stroke. (2016, background): “The production of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-1, and IL-6, is one of the most important abilities for microglia/macrophages (Lambertsen et al., 2012; Tomimoto et al., 1996; Zhou et al., 2014).”