Gender-specific patterns in patenting and publishing

By Rainer Frietsch, I. Haller, Melanie Funken-Vrohlings, H. Grupp. 2009

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Comparison and benchmark of name-to-gender inference services (2018, background): “With81 a much broader scope, Frietsch et al. (2009) considered patent applications from 14 European countries82 between 1993 and 2001 and publications in 8 scientific areas from 1996 to 2006, extracted from Scopus.83 Comprehensive and country-specific lists of names collected, post-processed, and…”
Why are women underrepresented amongst patentees (2013, background): “…granted in 1998 are estimated by U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (1999) to have had at least one female inventor.1 Adjusting for co-authorship, Frietsch et al. (2009) estimate that women accounted for 8.2% of patents filed by Americans at the European Patent Office in 2005, a decrease from…”
Demographic patterns and trends in patenting: Gender, age, and education of inventors (2014, methodology): “Consistent with previous studies (Frietsch et al. 2009; Mariani and Romanelli 2006), female inventors are most active in chemistry (18.6% for 2005-7) followed by instruments (13.7%).”