Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress.

By Brenda Winkel-Shirley. Current opinion in plant biology, 2002

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Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from Ginkgo biloba (2008, background): “Furthermore, flavonoids can protect plants against UV-B radiation and pathogen attack, attract pollinating insects, and act as signal molecules for initiating plant-microbe symbiotic associations (Parr and Bolwell, 2000; Winkel-Shirley, 2002).”
Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants: Role of Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Ionomics (2016, background): “Winkel-Shirley (2002) reported induction of phenolic compounds in maize under aluminum exposure.”
A proteomic screen and identification of waterlogging-regulated proteins in tomato roots (2007, background): “They are widespread among plants and have a protective role in plant tissues exposed to several external environmental stresses such as, drought, cold, wounding, or UV light (Winkel-Shirley 2002; Jaakola et al. 2004).”
Plant physiological responses to UV-B radiation - (2012, background): “seedlings (Winkel-Shirley, 2002).”
Flavonoids improve drought tolerance of maize seedlings by regulating the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (2021, background): “…by drought stress, especially in doi57. doi57 accumulated higher total flavonoids under drought stress Previous studies have shown that the biosynthesis of flavonoids (including flavonols) is induced by biotic and abiotic stress, such as drought (Winkel-Shirley 2002; Nakabayashi et al. 2014a).”