Self-Organization and the City

By Juval Portugali. Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, 2009

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The Gaming of Policy and the Politics of Gaming: A Review (2009, background): “In the historic account above, we have found that gaming is intricately connected to theories about system complexity, such as cybernetics, system dynamics, and more recently, complex adaptive systems (Gell-Mann, 1994; Holland, 1995; Portugali, 2009).”
A topological pattern of urban street networks: Universality and peculiarity (2007, background): “What ‘‘invisible hands’’ create urban street networks which all follow the power law distributions still seem unclear to us, but the illustrated pattern sheds substantial light on the notion of self-organizing cities [22,23].”