Ambiguity in Tempo Perception: What Draws Listeners to Different Metrical Levels?

By Martin F. McKinney, D. Moelants. 2006

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The evolutionary neuroscience of musical beat perception: the Action Simulation for Auditory Prediction (ASAP) hypothesis (2013, background): “…to the human preferred tempo range of about 600 ms between beats (see above), but there is considerable individual variation, with some listeners picking metrical levels either faster and slower than this (Drake et al., 2000; Toiviainen and Snyder, 2003; McKinney and Moelants, 2006; Martens, 2011).”
Beat Tracking by Dynamic Programming (2007, methodology): “To set τ 0 and σ τ , we used the MIREX-06 Beat Tracking training data, which consists of the actual tapping instants from 40 subjects asked to tap along with a number of 30 s musical excerpts [McKinney and Moelants, 2006a, Moelants and McKinney, 2004].”
Audio Features Underlying Perceived Groove and Sensorimotor Synchronization in Music (2016, methodology): “In recognition of the fact that different listeners may perceive the tactus at different metric levels (Martens, 2011; McKinney & Moelants, 2006; Tomic & Janata, 2008), we obtained beat location estimates using the tapping data from 34 participants in the isochronous tapping condition of Study 2…”