Carotenoid diet and nestling provisioning in urban and rural great tits Parus major

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Experimental demonstration of an ecological trap for a wild bird in a human-transformed environment (2016, background): “…native vegetation often being replaced by insect-poor exotics to decorate streets or parks (Mackenzie et al., 2014), which do not provide caterpillars or other invertebrates needed to rear all the nestlings (Cholewa & Wesolowski, 2011; Isaksson & Andersson, 2007; Wilkin, King, & Sheldon, 2009).”
Growing in Cities: An Urban Penalty for Wild Birds? A Study of Phenotypic Differences between Urban and Rural Great Tit Chicks (Parus major) (2017, unknown): “The diet of nestlings surely differs to a large extent between urban and rural habitats (Isaksson and Andersson, 2007) as shown by contrasted body composition between urban and rural wild birds (e.”
Impact of Urbanization on Birds (2018, background): “However, poorer food quality, of both the natural and the anthropogenic sources, and reduced diversity of food items (e.g., grain and insect species) are also likely to be general across cities (e.g., Isaksson and Andersson 2007; Pollock et al. 2017).”