Disturbance by large herbivores in boreal forests with special reference to moose.

By I. Persson, K. Danell, R. Bergström, M. Walls, T. Vuorisalo. 2000

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Direct and indirect effects of white-tailed deer in forest ecosystems (2003, background): “Ungulates also disperse parasites (Ostfeld et al., 1996) and seeds (Gill and Beardall , 2001), create concentrated patches of nutrients through urination and defecation (Hobbs, 1996; Persson et al., 2000), and mechanically damage vegetation by trampling and bedding (Persson et al., 2000).”
Population growth rate of a common understory herb decreases non-linearly across a gradient of deer herbivory (2009, background): “…ecosystems because their dense populations can inhibit forest plants' regeneration and reduce crop yield (Tilghman 1989, Inouye et al. 1994, Waller and Alverson 1997; Persson et al. 2000; Rooney 2001, Russell et al. 2001, Augustine & DeCalesta 2003, Horsley et al. 2003, Côté et al. 2004).”
Moose summer and winter diets along a large scale gradient of forage availability in southern Norway (2010, background): “It is the largest browsing animal in the boreal forests and a “keystone” species in its ecosystem (Molvar et al. 1993; Persson et al. 2000; Suominen et al. 2008; Bump et al. 2009; den Herder et al. 2009).”
Life history strategies of aspen (Populus tremula L.) and browsing effects: a literature review (2011, background): “A positive side effect of browsing for establishment is that the trampling scarifies the soil and creates germination sites for seeds (Persson et al., 2000).”