A direction‐dependent instability of sporadic‐E layers in the nighttime midlatitude ionosphere

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GPS observations of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over Europe (2011, background): “provides a larger growth rate than either instability alone (Cosgrove and Tsunoda, 2004). Saito et al. (2007) have reported that day-to-day variation of the nighttime MSTID occurrence is consistent with the field-aligned irregularities (FAIs) embedded in the Es layer.”
Instability of the E‐F coupled nighttime midlatitude ionosphere (2003, methodology): “[16] The last term in equation (12) was inadvertently omitted by Cosgrove and Tsunoda [2002b] , and equations (10) and (12) therein are missing terms.”