Thin-Film Composite Membranes and Formation Mechanism of Thin-Film Layers on Hydrophilic Cellulose Acetate Propionate Substrates for Forward Osmosis Processes

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High performance thin film composite pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) membranes for renewable salinity-gradient energy generation (2013, methodology): “The permeation cell made from stainless steel was designed with two porous stainless-steel mesh plates (each has a thickness of 1 mm and porosity of 34%) in between two channels to support the membranes [30,33].”
Novel cellulose ester substrates for high performance flat-sheet thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membranes (2015, methodology): “0 M NaCl [38] TFC-FO flatsheet membrane on polydopamine modified PSf supports 7.”
Impact of support layer pore size on performance of thin film composite membranes for forward osmosis (2015, methodology): “FO membranes supported by polyacrylonitrile (PAN) [24], cellulose triacetate [25] and cellulose acetate propionate [26] phase-inversion films as well as PAN/cellulose acetate blended nanofibers [27] have been previously reported.”
Enhanced osmotic energy generation from salinity gradients by modifying thin film composite membranes (2014, methodology): “Forward osmosis (FO) experiments were conducted on a labscale FO unit [32–34], as shown in Fig.”
Recent advances in polymer and polymer composite membranes for reverse and forward osmosis processes (2016, methodology): “[397-403] Use of co-casting technique, simultaneously casting of two layers of polymer solution with double-blade, was able to produce favourable”