Aggregation and sedimentation of aqueous nanoscale zerovalent iron dispersions.

By T. Phenrat, Navid B. Saleh, Kevin M. Sirk, R. Tilton, G. Lowry. Environmental Science and Technology, 2007

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Nanoscale zero valent iron and bimetallic particles for contaminated site remediation (2013, background): “[74] showed that attractive interactions between nZVI particles are dominated by magnetic attractive forces when colloid separation distance decreases (e.”
Fate and Bioavailability of Engineered Nanoparticles in Soils: A Review (2014, background): “Hydutsky et al. (2007) found that adding bentonite clay enhanced mobility of NZVI in a sand column, possibly by shielding the positive charge on the surface of the iron, preventing it from depositing on negatively charged sand grains.”
Enhanced sequestration of selenite in water by nanoscale zero valent iron immobilization on carbon nanotubes by a combined batch, XPS and XAFS investigation (2016, neutral): “Besides, due to the high surface energy, NZVI can be easily agglomerated into larger particles, which can also reduce its reactivity [17].”
Nanoparticles: structure, properties, preparation and behaviour in environmental media (2008, methodology): “The enhancement of the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) stability in the presence of SRHA, due to nanoscale surface coating and thus increased electrostatic repulsion, was confirmed by ( Baalousha et al. 2008b ).”