Investigations of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids

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Viscosity Measurements on Colloidal Dispersions (Nanofluids) for Heat Transfer Applications (2010, background): “In light of this, there have been a number of studies reporting the viscosity of nanofluids [8-14].”
A Review of Thermal Conductivity Models for Nanofluids (2015, neutral): “[102] keff = (k p−knl )φpknl ( 2 (3)2− (3)1+1 ) +(k p+2knl ) (3)2 { φp 3 1(knl −k p)+kbf }”
Latest developments on the viscosity of nanofluids (2012, background): “[53] measured the volumetric effect on viscosity for Al2O3 and TiO2 with deionized water (DIW) and concluded that viscosity increases about 82% and 86%, respectively, for 5 vol.”
Nanofluids for Solar Collector Applications: A Review (2014, neutral): “Ref [77]”
A review on hybrid nanofluids: Recent research, development and applications (2015, background): “of the research works were focused mainly on water and ethylene glycol based nanofluids [3–5], very few reports of the synthesis of oil- based nanofluids have been found [6].”