Use of honey bees as bioindicators of environmental pollution in Italy.

By C. Porrini, S. Ghini, S. Girotti, A. Sabatini, E. Gattavecchia, G. Celli, J. Devillers, M. Pham-Delègue. 2002

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Honey bees as bioindicators of environmental pollution (2003, background): “…either via high mortality rates, even blanket apicides, the presence of molecules that are toxic to it, or via the residues in honey, pollen, larvae and so forth, the presence of certain heavy metals and of many fungicides and herbicides that are harmless to it (Celli, 1983; Porrini et al., 2002).”
The death of honey bees and environmental pollution by pesticides: the honey bees as biological indicators (2003, background): “When the mortality rate exceeds the critical threshold (250 bees per week per station, Porrini et al., 2002), laboratory analyses are carried out.”
Honey bees and their products: Bioindicators of environmental contamination (2016, background): “The xenobiotics also cling to the bees’ bodies, and enter them with the air they take in.(7) 236 _ Z BARGA NSKA ET AL.”
Toxicity and biochemical changes in the honey bee Apis mellifera exposed to four insecticides under laboratory conditions (2015, background): “…as a reliable biomarker for environmental pollution through their reduced pollination capability, the presence of pesticides residues in their honey, their mortalities, and enzyme inhibition in their tissues when exposed to lethal rates of pollutants (Hyne and Maher 2003; Porrini et al. 2002).”