Towards a redefinition of the diseases within the esca complex of grapevine.

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The effects of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) on vine physiology (2016, background): “The Esca disease is described as a disease complex comprising several syndromes (Surico et al. 2008; Surico 2009; Bertsch et al. 2013) among which ‘grapevine leaf stripe disease’ (GLSD) and Esca are the most widespread in vineyard.”
Grapevine trunk diseases: complex and still poorly understood (2013, methodology): “In early 1900, the term ‘esca’ was used by grapegrowers in southern Italy for referring to apoplexy (Surico, 2009), probably because of the presence of rotted trunk wood noted mainly in apoplectic plants, which was in fact used as tinder.”