Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters

By P. Raymond, Jens Hartmann, R. Lauerwald, S. Sobek, C. McDonald, M. Hoover, D. Butman, R. Striegl, E. Mayorga, C. Humborg and 5 more. Nature, 2013

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Leaf litter traits predominantly control litter decomposition in streams worldwide (2018, background): “Raymond et al. (2013) es‐ timated that the global CO2 respired from streams is 1.8 Pg C/year, accounting for 86% of the total CO2 respired from inland waters.”
Stream Biofilm Responses to Flow Intermittency: From Cells to Ecosystems (2016, background): “Flow intermittency has been estimated to account for 69% of first-order streams below 60◦, and up to 34% of larger order rivers (Raymond et al., 2013).”
Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality (2021, background): “70 Gt CO2-eq year (1).(153) Furthermore, a substantial amount of terrestrial C sequestered through photosynthesis and from chemical weathering is transported laterally along the inland water continuum from terrestrial ecosystems to the ocean.”
CO2 evasion from a steep, high gradient stream network: importance of seasonal and diurnal variation in aquatic pCO2 and gas transfer (2016, background): “These measures indicate reasonable agreement of our model with Raymond et al. (2013), yet they also suggest a better performance of our model for the steep Ybbs stream network.”