Mycosporine-like amino acids prevent UVB-induced abnormalities during early development of the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis

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UV radiation evokes negative phototaxis and covering behavior in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (2001, background): “Concentrations of MAAs in the epidermis of sea urchins, however, are typically low compared with that in ovaries and eggs (Adams & Shick 1996, 2001, Carroll & Shick 1996, Karentz et al. 1997).”
A high-resolution reverse-phase liquid chromatography method for the analysis of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in marine organisms (2005, background): “Separation of these mixtures was only achieved by isocratic elution with two different mobile phases (Helbling et al. 1996; Adams and Shick 2001; Shick et al. 2002).”
Mycosporine-like amino acids and related Gadusols: biosynthesis, acumulation, and UV-protective functions in aquatic organisms. (2002, background): “Protection against acute effects of UVR is unambiguous in the larvae of a sea urchin (42, 44) and in a free-living dinoflagellate (50), where the concentrations of MAAs were experimentally altered without prior exposure to UVR.”
Synergistic effects associated with climate change and the development of rocky shore molluscs (2005, background): “More recently, the focus on ecological impacts of the thinning ozone layer has demonstrated the hazards of UVR exposure to marine invertebrate larvae (e.g. Gleason & Wellington 1995; Adams & Shick 2001; Przeslawski et al., 2004).”