Additive manufacturing of 316L stainless steel by electron beam melting for nuclear fusion applications

By Y. Zhong, Lars-Erik Rännar, Leifeng Liu, A. Koptyug, S. Wikman, Jon Olsén, D. Cui, Zhijian Shen. 2017

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Additive manufacturing for energy: A review (2020, methodology): “They created processing maps under typical SEBM conditions and concluded that increasing the acceleration voltage from 60 to 120 kV is beneficial to medium atomic number materials, such as titanium and its alloys.”
Grain refinement of stainless steel in ultrasound-assisted additive manufacturing (2020, methodology): “terline of a laser track. b, c EBSD IPF maps along the build direction (z) of a longitudinal cut across a single laser track without (b) and with (c) ultrasound. Experimental data from the literature [46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54] and this work on grain size d and primary spacing of cells λ c ”
Review of Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing for Metals (2021, methodology): “Lots of precipitates enriched in Cr and Mo were formed at columnar grain boundaries, whereas there was no elemental segregation at the sub-grain boundaries [193].”