Hydrothermal carbonization: Fate of inorganics

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Fate of inorganic material during hydrothermal carbonisation of biomass: Influence of feedstock on combustion behaviour of hydrochar (2016, background): “For lignocellulosi biomass, hemicellulose appears to degrade first, at temperatures generally below 200° C, cellulose degrades at 200 - 230° C and lignin degrades between 220° C and 260° C (Pastor-Villegas et al., 2006; Libra et al., 2011; Reza et al., 2013).”
Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions. (2015, unknown): “Most studies about HTC were concerned with its use for making energy-dense solid fuel from lignocellulosic biomass (Liu et al., 2013; Reza et al., 2013; Yan et al., 2014).”
Hydrothermal carbonization of loblolly pine: reaction chemistry and water balance (2014, background): “Inorganic components are very stable and remain unchanged by HTC; thus, they contribute very little to HTC reactions [24].”
A review on hydrothermal carbonization of biomass and plastic wastes to energy products (2020, background): “Most of heavy metals are concentrated in the hydrochar, which is easy to treat compared with dispersed heavy metals in raw organic wastes [161,162].”
Hydrothermal carbonization of various lignocellulosic biomass (2014, background): “However, when HTC causes biomass removal from the lignocellulosic matrix, the ash incorporated in the matrix may be released simultaneously [35].”