Women Empowerment and Economic Development

By Esther Duflo. 2012

2,831 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Women's empowerment and economic development are closely related: in one direction, development alone can play a major role in driving down inequality between men and women; in the other direction, empowering women may benefit development. Does this imply that pushing just one of these two levers would set a virtuous circle in motion? This paper reviews the literature on both sides of the empowerment-development nexus, and argues that the inter-relationships are probably too weak to be self-sustaining, and that continuous policy commitment to equality for its own sake may be needed to bring about equality between men and women.

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0f2558d65c45cfb2b5e1e9c6fa4bd73a75124b84

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Citations in the corpus

• Fair Play::More Equal Laws Boost Female Labor Force Participation (2015, background): “is significant (Aguirre and others 2012; Duflo 2012; Revenga and Shetty 2012; Sen 2001; Thévenon 2013; Kalb 2009).”
• Gender in Language and Gender in Employment (2015, background): “The persistence of traditional views of gender roles has been a significant countervailing force for progress in important dimensions of women’s empowerment (Duflo, 2012; Akerlof & Kranton, 2010).”
• Gender Socialization during Adolescence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries : Conceptualization, influences and outcomes (2017, background): “This relationship is complex, with weak empirical evidence linking economic growth to greater gender equality (Duflo, 2012; Kabeer 2015).”
• Women, Work, and the Economy:Macroeconomic Gains from Gender Equity (2013, background): “At advanced country income levels, labor force participation rebounds as a result of better education, lower fertility rates, access to labor-saving household technology, and the availability of marketbased household services (Duflo, 2012; Tsani and others, 2012; World Bank, 2011).”
• Gender inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic: Income, expenditure, savings, and job loss (2020, background): “Gender inequality is a challenge in richer and poorer country alike (Duflo, 2012).”
• Education, Marriage, and Fertility: Long-Term Evidence from a Female Stipend Program in Bangladesh (2017, background): “3 that female education, through broadening labor market opportunities and enhancing female empowerment, promotes economic development (Duflo, 2012).”
• Female Migration: A Way Out of Discrimination (2015, background): “Despite notable progress in recent years, gender discrimination and violence against women remains prevalent and persistent across the world leading to multiple outcomes in terms of economic growth and development (Doepke and Tertilt, 2009; Duflo, 2012; De la Croix and Vander Donckt, 2010; Esteve-Vo”
• Does female empowerment promote economic development? (2011, unknown): “Across countries and over time, there is a strong positive correlation between the relative position of women in society and the level of economic development (Duflo 2012; Doepke et al. 2012).”
• Soil Endowments, Female Labor Force Participation and the Demographic Deficit of Women in India (2012, unknown): “(Rosenzweig and Schultz 1982; Rose 1999, 2001; Duflo and Pande 2007; Duflo 2012).”
• African Mining, Gender, and Local Employment (2014, background): “, Eggert, 2002; Aragon and Rud, 2013b). Local multipliers describe the effect of an employment increase in one sector on employment in other sectors. Moretti (2010) shows that an increase in the production of tradable goods leads to increased local demand for non-tradables as the number of workers a”
• What Constrains Financial Inclusion for Women? Evidence from Indian Micro data (2017, background): “Empirical evidence suggests that gender is a significant determinant of broader macroeconomic outcomes, including economic development (Duflo, 2012).”
• Women Workers in India: Why so Few Among so Many? (2015, background): “Various studies have highlighted how lower female labor force participation or weak entrepreneurial activity drags down economic growth, and that empowering women has significant economic benefits in addition to promoting gender equality (Duflo 2005; World Bank 2012). The World Economic Forum’s 2014”