A Survey on Metaverse: Fundamentals, Security, and Privacy

By Yuntao Wang, Zhou Su, Ning Zhang, Dongxiao Liu, Rui Xing, T. Luan, X. Shen. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 2022

1,054 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Metaverse, as an evolving paradigm of the next-generation Internet, aims to build a fully immersive, hyper spatiotemporal, and self-sustaining virtual shared space for humans to play, work, and socialize. Driven by recent advances in emerging technologies such as extended reality, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, metaverse is stepping from science fiction to an upcoming reality. However, severe privacy invasions and security breaches (inherited from underlying technologies or emerged in the new digital ecology) of metaverse can impede its wide deployment. At the same time, a series of fundamental challenges (e.g., scalability and interoperability) can arise in metaverse security provisioning owing to the intrinsic characteristics of metaverse, such as immersive realism, hyper spatiotemporality, sustainability, and heterogeneity. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of the fundamentals, security, and privacy of metaverse. Specifically, we first investigate a novel distributed metaverse architecture and its key characteristics with ternary-world interactions. Then, we discuss the security and privacy threats, present the critical challenges of metaverse systems, and review the state-of-the-art countermeasures. Finally, we draw open research directions for building future metaverse systems.

Subfields: Computer Networks and Communications, Information Systems, Signal Processing

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0dee68e74a3a8b8e6f24ad27e73da295e6074dbe

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Citations in the corpus

Metaverse for Healthcare: A Survey on Potential Applications, Challenges and Future Directions (2022, methodology): “design with green edge-cloud computing, an energy-efficient consensus protocol to support green networking and computing in the Metaverse for healthcare [221].”
A Full Dive Into Realizing the Edge-Enabled Metaverse: Visions, Enabling Technologies, and Challenges (2022, background): “In specific, the Metaverse requires the execution of the following computations: • High-dimensional Data Processing: The physical and virtual worlds will generate vast quantities of highdimensional data, such as spatiotemporal data [173], that allows users to experience realism in the Metaverse.”
“Extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to Predict University Students’ Intentions to Use Metaverse-Based Learning Platforms” (2023, background): “Such findings are similar to those of previous related studies in the area of educational technology (Wang et al., 2022a ; Cabero-Almenara et al., 2019 ; Huang, 2019 ; Punnoose, 2012 ).”