How Likely Is Simpson’s Paradox?

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UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Simpson ' s paradox in psychological science : a practical guide (2017, methodology): “A recent simulation study by Pavlides and Perlman (2009) suggests SP may occur more often than commonly thought.”
Causal inference in statistics: An overview (2009, background): “…et al., 1899; Yule, 1903) analyzed by statisticians for half a century (Simpson, 1951; Blyth, 1972; Cox and Wermuth, 2003) lamented by statisticians (Good and Mittal, 1987; Bishop et al., 1975) and wrestled with by statisticians till this very day (Chen et al., 2009; Pavlides and Perlman, 2009).”
Detecting Simpson's Paradox (2018, background): “The phenomenon is well-studied in statistics (Pavlides and Perlman, 2009; Chen, Bengtsson, and Ho, 2009; Lerman, 2017) and through the lens of causality (Pearl, 2011; Hernán, Clayton, and Keiding, 2011; Arah, 2008).”