Validation of mule deer body composition using in vivo and post-mortem indices of nutritional condition

By T. Stephenson, V. Bleich, B. Pierce, Gerald P. Mulcahy. 2002

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Timing of seasonal migration in mule deer: effects of climate, plant phenology, and life‐history characteristics (2011, methodology): “…ultrasonography using an Aloka 210 portable ultrasound device (Aloka, Wallinford, CT), with a 5-MHz transducer, to measure maximum thickness of subcutaneous fat deposition at the thickest point cranial to the cranial process of the tuber ischium to the nearest 0.1 cm (Stephenson et al. 2002).”
Life-History Characteristics of Mule Deer: Effects of Nutrition in a Variable Environment (2014, background): “A better understanding of seasonal patterns of nutritional condition and its relative influence on population dynamics would improve our knowledge of life-history strategies and population regulation of ungulates (Stephenson et al. 2002, Cook et al. 2004, Parker et al. 2009, Monteith et al. 2013).”
Survival and Cause-Specific Mortality of Neonatal Mule Deer Fawns, North-Central New Mexico (2007, methodology): “We determined percent ingesta-free body fat (IFBF) of females in late autumn in a complementary study (Bender 2006) using ultrasonography to measure fat thickness (Stephenson et al. 2002) and a body condition score (Bender 2006).”